Aristotle... Virtues and Vices essays

Aristotle... Ethics and Vices papers 1. Aristotle What does Aristotle consider an ethicalness and how does this decide Aristotle believes prudence to be greatness in satisfying specific capacities and discovering satisfaction in it. Our ethics are given to us during childbirth, however we do have the ability to get and chip away at the temperances as life goes on. The best approach to make ethicalness a propensity is to take in it from an early age. On the off chance that we learn and comprehend our excellencies accurately they will become propensities, and we will comprehend what is acceptable and what is terrible. Ethics are likewise not sentiments, you don't simply accomplish them, however temperances are propensity. Excellencies are what makes an individual demonstration great and comprehend what the person in question is doing. Ethicalness is a mean between two boundaries, and the particular mean relies upon the individual. Moral temperance is managing the emotions and activities of ones self. It is said that you must have the correct emotions, at the ideal time, for the privilege the thing as well as reason. On the off chance that that isn't followed and your activities don't account for themselves then it isn't upright. It is difficult to be highminded. An individual that needs to be prudent ought to maintain a strategic distance from bad habit and furthermore recognize Profound quality and ideals are interconnected on the grounds that ethical quality is a people thought of right what's more, wrong. As we probably am aware ethicalness is the thing that chooses what is good and bad to every single individual. Along these lines, ethical quality is dictated by goodness. ... <!

Edgar Degas's Sculpture Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen Essay

Edgar Degas' Sculpture Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen - Essay Example On the off chance that one is talking with Marshall Berman, innovation is depicted as a method of indispensable experience-understanding of reality, of oneself as well as other people, of life's prospects and hazards that is shared by people everywhere throughout the present reality. I will call this collection of experience 'advancement' (Berman, 1982). It incorporates the social changes that are continually coming to fruition, the manner by which these progressions are experienced and the impression of these encounters in different circles. It is a universe of definition and equivocalness, a universe of static definitions and consistent change. For Marshall Berman, the inconsistencies of innovation are described by an inclination to arrange reality while at the same time advancing their ruination and disappointment. Huge numbers of these ideas are extraordinarily material to Edgar Degas' just freely showed mold, a little wax figure of a youthful ballet performer passing on a solid feeling of character entitled Little Dancer Aged Fourteen. In depicting the cutting edge human, Berman says they are moved without a moment's delay by a will to change - to change both themselves and their reality - and by a fear of confusion and deterioration, of life self-destructing (Berman, 1982). Through this announcement, it is anything but difficult to see the clashing feelings of an individual experiencing change of any sort. Relating it to regular daily existence, an individual may endeavor to seek after a fantasy vocation by leaving their place of employment and propelling their very own business, and yet be incapacitated by the dread of this new pursuit falling flat, or more awful, succeeding. In any case, it speaks to an adjustment in the manner in which things have been. To be current is to carry on with an existence of Catch 22 and logical inconsistency. It is to be overwhelmed by the colossal bureaucratic associations that have the ability to control and regularly to obliterate all networks, qualities, lives; but to be unfazed in our assurance to confront these powers, to battle to change their reality and make it our own. It is to be both progressive and traditionalist: alive to additional opportunities for experience and experience, startled by the skeptical profundities to which such a significant number of present day undertakings lead (Berman, 1982). These were the thoughts developing on the planet as Degas was working in his studio and the thoughts that have been found inside the little state of his minor artist. The cause of the sculpture isn't completely known. As indicated by the first master on the sculpture, Richard Kendall, the craftsman made the sculpture between the long periods of 1878 and 1881 when he was in his center forties. This was at the tallness of his contribution with Impressionism and his model is viewed as the primary significant figure related with the development. Impressionism is to a great extent viewed as a development inside Modernism wherein accentuation was put on the enthusiastic substance of the picture more than the physical substance. Specialists working during this period devoted themselves to the delineation of human feelings as found through the hues and lines of their work as opposed to through the images and types of the photo and the machine age. In doing as such, these specialists were endeavoring to delve profound into the sentiment of human experience as a methods for finding the genuine truth of what being human implied; at the end of the day, to com municate the magnificent. Lyotard (1984) depicts this procedure as an endeavor to make noticeable that

And the winners are

And the winners are… A few weeks ago I sent out the call for new bloggers. We had quite a few responses (28) from incoming freshmen (25) and upperclassmen (3). I wish I could say that most were awful and we had an easy time deciding who to invite into the elite ranks. Unfortunately that would be a lie, and Im still disappointed that we couldnt find a place for more of the talented people who applied. If Blogger selection was any indication of what the Admissions application reading process will be like I can tell you the thought emotionally and physically exhausts me. We didnt have any easily-shared application questions like LOLcats or YouTube videos this year. Thats just as well since Chris Peterson has a hatred of LOLcats that borders on anaphylactic. Dont believe me? Just listen as I post this: I bet you can hear his eyes rolling in disgust (another little-known Chris trait: noisy eyes*). With the help of our senior bloggers, selected admissions staff, many hours of review, two intense sessions of deliberation, and one large pizza, we were able to narrow our list to the magic number of bloggers. So without further lamentation or LOLcat shenanigans, please help me welcome the new student bloggers! Celena C. 12 Cam T. 13 Hamsika C. 13 Jenny X. 13 Marcela R. 13 And dont forget our returning upperclassmen (they wont let you forget, but thats not the point): Kim D. 09 Cristen C. 10 Jess K. 10‚Ä ® Keri G. 10 ‚Ä ®Paul B. 11‚Ä ® Chris S. 11‚Ä ® Snively 11‚Ä ® Chris M. 12 ‚Ä ®Shannon M. 12‚Ä ® Yan Z. 12 Ahmed H. 12 will be joining our Blogger Alums, though he promises to keep us up to date with occasional posts as he continues his own journey through MIT. Im looking forward to a year of joyriding along with the bloggers we already know and seeing where our new voices take things. For our part, the Admissions staff plan to keep pushing the technology behind the website, giving our bloggers more and shinier tools, gadgets, gizmos, and (occasionally) doodads to share life at MIT in new ways. * This is not actually true. I dont really know if Chris P.s eyes are noisy, or for that matter, what an average amount of eye noise should be. I bet youll be thinking about it all day when you talk to people, though; staring at their eyes wondering if you can hear them. Youre welcome :)

Analysis Of The Canterbury Tales Chaucer s Second Nun...

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CANTERBURY TALES: Chaucer’s â€Å"Second Nun’s Tale†. Leah Holle REL. 700a: Transitional Moments in Western Christianity 1 November 5th, 2014 Geoffrey Chaucer was a prominent figure within English Literature during the Middle Ages, and is regarded as one of the greatest English poets. Among Chaucer’s works, The Canterbury Tales is arguably one of his most famous pieces. In this fictional work, there is a collection of over 20 stories that are told by pilgrims who are on their way to the Cathedral at Canterbury. It is written in Middle English at the end of the 14th century, during the Hundred Years’ War. It is a story-telling competition between pilgrims, as they travel together on their pilgrimage for a free meal upon their return. Scholars argue that Chaucer began writing The Canterbury Tales around 1387, and concluded around 1400, when he passed away. However, some Chaucer scholars continued working on the unfinished tales. When considering the text of Chaucer, it is also important to take into consideration the historical context, as it leads to deeper understanding. It takes place in the late Middle Ages, where there was a distinct focus on the intercession between the living and the dead. Saints were an important part of medieval culture as they represented the relationship between the divine, and human. They were an integral part of daily life as they served as representations of personal, and ethnic identities.Show MoreRelatedSignificance Of The Second Nun Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthe significance of the second nun we must first look at the duties and life of a traditional medieval nun. Medieval nuns and priests   were expected to live a very devout and highly moral life. Medieval nuns and priests must be fully dedicated to god and christian faith. The daily life of a medieval nun was formulated around three main vows established by St Benedict in 480-550 AD, The vow of Poverty, The vow of Chastity and the Vow of obedience. As dictated by these vows nuns and priests must liveRead More Contradictions in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Essay3897 Words   |  16 PagesContradictions in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales There is no question that contradictory values make up a major component of The Canterbury Tales. Fate vs. Fortuna, knowledge vs. experience and love vs. hate all embody Chaucers famous work. These contrasting themes are an integral part of the complexity and sophistication of the book, as they provide for an ironic dichotomy to the creative plot development and undermine the superficial assumptions that might be made. The combination of completelyRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesLondon, The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1962 French B. Bakhouche, F. Fauquier, B. Pà ©rez-Jean: Picatrix Un traità © de magie mà ©dià ©val. 388 p., 130 x 210 mm, 2003, Paperback ISBN 2-503-51068-X, EUR 37.91. Newest critical edition. French S. Matton, La magie arabe traditionelle, Paris, 1977 (incomplete) Latin Picatrix: The Latin Version of the Ghà ¢yat Al-Hakà ®m, ed. David Pingree (London, Warburg Institute, 1986). Spanish Abul-Casim Maslama ben Ahmad: Picatrix (El fin del sabio y el mejor

Nutritional Tips for Building Muscle - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 686 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Nutrition Essay Did you like this example? A balanced diet is very important for fitness. Especially the protein is a true energy supplier. The demand may therefore be much higher for athletes. With a supply of this protein-containing food the muscle building is optimally supported. It is best to take a protein-rich meal after a training session. Even small snacks should be on the menu throughout the day. Sufficient protein intake is extremely important for muscle growth, but in addition, the balanced diet should not be ignored. Carbs from whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables as well as high quality fatty acids can be very helpful. In addition, these foods contain all the important nutrients. Furthermore, they make the musculoskeletal system fit and contribute to a pleasant well-being. Which foods lead to a more muscular body structure, we would like to briefly explain in 5 different tips. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nutritional Tips for Building Muscle" essay for you Create order Tip 1: Oh, you sweet egg In the past, the eggs had a bad reputation. It has often been said that eggs have a major impact on cholesterol levels. However, this thesis was created wrongly. Today it is known that eggs have only a small influence on the blood cholesterol level. Therefore, one can consume without hesitation an egg a day. The preparation does not have to be done in one variant only. You can eat it as hard boiled, as fried eggs or as breakfast in the form of a scrambled egg. Thus you take an ideal source of protein. Tip 2: High protein content by tuna Tuna not only tastes buttery and aromatic, but it is a true delicacy among the fish. It can be distorted raw and enjoyed in sushi or as a tartar. Fried tuna is also very popular. He is wonderfully versatile. The preparation always takes place in a different way. Either as an insert in the salad, the steak or it is added to pasta dishes as well as on a sandwich. Whether fresh or canned, it is tried in classic and sophisticated recipes. In addition to a high protein content, the tuna can score especially with healthy fatty acids and B vitamins. However, if you are very intent on your figure, then you should eat the fish natural and do without the pickled variant with oil. Tip 3: Oatmeal a staple It depends on the mix. A combination of carbohydrates, protein and fiber make the oatmeal so valuable. In addition, it is long-lasting and provides enough energy for training. Thats why you should never miss a balanced breakfast. Mixed with fruit and yoghurt, it makes for an ideal cereal. You can also soak the oatmeal overnight or for a few hours. Either with water or apple juice, then you also get a sufficient meal. Refine this diet with dried fruit or fresh fruit, with some sugar and you will receive a high-quality dish. An oatmeal soup is a traditional home remedy and is often used in gastrointestinal diseases. Tip 4: Animal protein in beef Vital minerals, vitamins and trace elements are found in beef. The fat content of this meat is low. Many vital and indispensable amino acids are included. This is needed to build up the bodys own protein, for example, for the muscles. In addition, the organism of a human can use this animal protein particularly well. The preparation can be made on a different recipe. There are a lot of different meats. For example, boiled beef is cooked or steaks or roast roast are briefly fried in a pan or on the grill. In addition, dried beef is often a favorite snack among athletes. Tip 5: Chickpeas are healthy Legumes contain a lot of protein and magnesium. Here, the body is supplied with energy. Magnesium also prevents muscle spasms. Chickpeas are a big part in oriental cuisine. For example, falafel is made from chick pea porridge. If one uses paste with sesame, then the dish Hummus arises. Likewise, chickpeas in salads and soups look good. Furthermore, this food stimulates digestion. Chickpeas have a positive effect on the blood sugar level and the cardiovascular system. These nutrient bombs contain proteins, minerals and trace elements. They are also rich in B vitamins and fiber.

Reality TV and the Effects on Youth Free Essays

Reality television has come to dominate the television industry. There are educational reality shows and noneducational reality shows. They both have their entertainment values. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality TV and the Effects on Youth or any similar topic only for you Order Now The difference? One is productive television, and one is counterproductive. There is good and bad in everything, and everything is good in moderation, but counterproductive TV is taking over productive TV. The time slots to watch educational reality shows are generally later in the evening. It is almost as if TV is trying to â€Å"dumb down† America. Non-educational Reality Television â€Å"Noneducational† reality TV includes shows like Keeping Up With The Kardashians, Teen Pregnancy, and My Sweet Sixteen. These prime time shows target youth, but they do not teach lessons. In fact, they do the opposite, since many young people think it okay to emulate these reality show stars. All these shows are scripted. For instance, Jersey Shore is actually filmed on a set 80% of the time. Yet these shows are passed off as reality. These shows promote drinking and heavy sexual content. Nonetheless they air in the time slot that targets youth. Kids seem to be growing up faster than just 20 years ago; perhaps disrespect and aggression can be blamed on the influence of the shows they are watching. Instead of fighting and being rude to each other, it would be nice if the characters in these shows could, for example, reflect how ten ordinary people come into a house and work together to make the quality of life better for everyone. They could show the reality of working together to pay the bills and keep food on the table. They could teach how to step in when something bad happens to someone else and help them get back on their feet in one way or another. Instead they have gone in the direction of survival of the fittest. Is this really the image that should be shown and taught to our future leaders? If where America has been heading in the past 20 years, it is apparent that survival of the fittest is not working. Perhaps if prime time television were to promote working together, it might help ensure a productive future. Educational Reality Television Reality TV does have positive things to offer. Some educational reality shows are Dirty Jobs, Cake Boss, and Do You know Who You Are. These types of shows depict the reality of America. They show what truly makes America run, and teach true morals and genuine respect towards others. True, these shows are scripted as well, but they are geared toward education and not violence, or the promotion of teen pregnancy, and spousal abuse. These shows do not promote alcohol abuse or speculate who is having sex with whom. However, these shows are targeted toward adults, as they are on at a later time slot, and much of our youth is not interested in watching real life. Prime Time Television Prime time television is aiming for ratings rather than the promotion of morals. But I think they could produce productive TV and get better ratings. Viewers must take some responsibility, though, since we can control what our kids watch. If most people ban shows that deliver negative messages from our homes, ratings will plummet and I would imagine TV executives would completely restructure their programming very quickly. How to cite Reality TV and the Effects on Youth, Essay examples

Lessons from the Mountain free essay sample

Skiing has always had an impact on me. Growing up a skier was the best thing that ever could have happened. At a young age I experienced one of the greatest feelings in the world, the joy of taking my ski boots off at the end of the day. No matter what the ski conditions were, my feet would always feel amazing once I put on my shoes. The only thing that can almost match this is the joy of waking up, looking out mywindow to see that its freshly snowed, and know that I’m going skiing. I’m lucky to experience these feelings quite often. Working at a small, local ski hill has its benefits. The free lift ticket is a major perk. I get to ski seven days a week while theres snow, and this gives me the opportunity to take off my ski boots every single day. We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons from the Mountain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My passion for skiing is something that I love to share with others. Working at the hill I meet lots of different people and they often times love the sport after Im done teaching them. The differences in learning styles, age, and general balance skills varies with every lesson. The best lesson I ever taught was to a kid named Ryan.Ryan was a seven year old with autism. He had taken a few lessons the year before so he knew how to put on his skis, but not much more. Distracted by the other kids doing jumps, it was tough to keep his attention. When I noticed what he was looking at I asked him if he wanted to jump. He responded with an enthusiastic yes and from there on he was mine. He quickly gained the skills to take the chairlift and eventually we made it to the trail jumps. We looked down the trail, and I told him how proud of him I was for learning enough to get to this point. He went, and as he made it up the jump he didnt realize that he needed speed to help him. He would always wedge to a stop at the top, and the look of disappointment on his face made me more determined to get him to jump. We met several more times and at the end of each lesson we would try the jump.Finally, after eight lessons and countless attempts at the jump, it was the end of the season and our last lesson. He made sure his mom was at the base of the mountain watching him. I gave him one last bit of advice and he was off. When he started off the jump he kept his skis straight and got the couple of inches of air he was looking for. He was so happy. The next season I ran into him again. That year I wasnt his instructor but I knew who was his instructor so I told them to hit the jump. I was glad I could share my love of skiing with someone who might end up loving the sport more than I do.

Youve Got an Interview - Now What

Youve Got an Interview - Now What What excitement! After pouring over classified ads for jobs for what seems like an eternity and putting in applications, you have an interview scheduled for a job you would really like to get. Now is the time to prepare so you can ace it. The recruiter’s job is to find the best person for the position, so your focus should be to prove you’re just that. Here are a few handy tips for how you can  impress the interviewer with your preparation and poise.1. Check Out the CompanyYou don’t want to go in for your interview without doing some research on the company. While having good background information is necessary, you are also finding out about the company culture. Don’t just look at the company website. Check out the blog page, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter pages, along with the YouTube channel if the company has one. Employee photos can tell you about dress style, the way employees interact with each other, and other information you can use to your adv antage.2. Find Out Who Is Doing the InterviewingThe way you respond to interview questions depends on the interviewer. Is it the CEO of the company, a hiring manager, or the person who will be supervising your job? It can make a difference, since you want to make a connection with that person. Tailoring  your answers to a specific individual, such as talking about how you would be a good person to handle job duties when talking to a supervisor, can leave a positive impression.3. Research the Salary RangeOne subject that can make you uncomfortable is asking for a particular salary. Do a little research beforehand on the typical range paid for the job you seek. By submitting a range, it gives the company some leeway and makes it more likely you will get a job offer.4. Be on TimeTo make a good impression, it’s important to be on time for your interview. You won’t arrive nervous, and you’ll have  a chance to freshen up if you desire. Showing up a few minutes ear ly also gives you a chance to look around and get acclimated.5. Make a Positive ImpressionFrom the receptionist to the interviewer, you want to watch your body language, smile, make eye contact, and be friendly. Remember to shake hands with the interviewer and use a firm (but not too firm) grip. You’ll be talking quite a bit to answer questions and ask your own during the interview. If someone offers you something to drink, accept it as you would in someone’s home- it will  soothe your  parched throat as you extol how you would be a positive addition to the company.6. Be PreparedBring a few extras along with you to the interview, such as a notebook and pen in case you want to take notes. Whether applying for a job in finance, an office manager job, or any other job type, taking notes can help you remember important details. An extra copy or two of your resume might also be a good idea, along with examples of what you have accomplished in previous jobs. You might al so want to bring along a list of questions you want to ask.7. Ask QuestionsHaving  curiosity about a job shows you are interested. Come prepared with a list of questions so you can  ask about anything that needs clarification. This might include daily office routines, company policies, or the timeline for choosing a candidate for the position. When the interview is over, remember to ask when you might hear back about your prospects for the job.8. Follow UpIt is just good manners to follow up an interview with a thank you note. While you can send notes in the form of an email, make sure to send them separately to each individual who was present during your interview. This more personal approach will stand out.

Technical Report Writing

Technical Report Writing Researchers spend much of their time investigating and determining why or how things happen. Once they do this, they need to compose their findings in such a manner that it can be presented clearly and precisely to others. This is called technical report writing. It’s only by doing this that the researcher can convey his findings to others. Technical report writing is an incredibly important ability for anyone in the research or technical field. Using a technical report to explain your findings and how you arrived at that conclusion is vital to every researcher. Technical reports communicate to readers in such a way that everyone can learn from your research. It makes your hard work more accessible. Coming up with a thesis is important in technical report writing. By doing so one can maintain a tightly controlled report that addresses the main components. In technical report writing make sure that these following items are clearly stated. The report should be dated with your name and affiliation. This is so everyone will have no question about who performed the research and findings. Good technical report writing will contain a short paragraph that summarizes what your paper is about. A reader should be able to scan this paragraph in technical report writing and get a very good idea of what the whole paper is about. Choose appropriate keywords such as to assist others in locating your paper for their own research purposes. Write clearly and concisely so that others may read and understand what you are trying to explain. Technical report writing will often include graphs and diagrams to illustrate the data from the research. Keep your focus on the content of your paper, include the details of your work, the problems encountered, questions that arose and the consequences or your actions towards the research. Make sure that the beginning and last sentence of every paragraph clearly states the body of the paragraph and summarizes appropriately. Technical report writing involves precision in writing. Always explain the points clearly for the readers, even when it might be overkill. Since research often includes more than one individual’s participation, always give credit to them by acknowledging them in your technical report writing. When writing your report, cite references used in the research so that the reader can identify other related works. Always explain how those references affected your research. Technical report writing should be neat and organized. Don’t skip around all over the paper with any one specific action in regards to the research. For example, if you were to explain your methods in conducting the research, explain the methods completely in one section of your technical report writing. Don’t explain parts of the method in several different paragraphs scattered throughout the report. Decide before you do your technical report writing how you want to organize and in what order. Then write according to the organization that you’ve established. In technical report writing it’s important to make references back to the methods if necessary throughout the report but your main explanation of the methods should be contained within that one section. Simply reporting data and findings is not what technical report writing is about. The writer needs to spend time analyzing the data and show what your interpretation of the information is. Thoroughly discuss all the different aspects that have arisen due to your research, whether it’s negative or on the positive side. Technical report writing is expanding on facts with good writing that hooks the reader’s attention.

International Relations Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Relations - Lab Report Example He wards off the accusation that America had been propagating self-interest and declares that they are in fact led by greater causes, through the Cold War years till the present times. Quoting former president Harry Truman, he asserts that "God has created us and brought us to our present position of power and strength for some great purpose." The major objectives that he sets are to defeat terrorist adversaries and to build enduring peace. While the first objective will have to deal with the defeat of radical Islamist extremists, the second will have to be linked to the building of a comprehensive coalition with other nations with similar objectives. Referring to the view by the Democratic candidates that there will be withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq to the end the war, McCain reiterates that the war in Iraq cannot be wishes away and one has to take into account the realities in the theatre instead of taking decisions based on the political winds at home. He also makes the point that Afghanistan will continue to nurture terrorist groups like the Al Qaeda in the present political situation, and this has to be curbed with sufficient initiative from the U.S. He proposes that there needs to be a continual work with the Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf to dismantle the camps of Taliban and Al Qaeda there, to help Pakistan resist Talibanization and extremism. He identifies Iran as the world’s chief state sponsor of terrorism. He suggests a multilateral move to resist this and to keep the option of military action open, though not preferred mostly. He claims that America will continue to support Israel against the threat s from Iran, Hezbollah, Hamaz and others. He makes the paradoxical statement that he will try everything to aid ‘moderate’ Muslims who resist the fundamentalist outfits. Approving the steps taken by the Truman

Mintzbergs Planning and Positioning Schools Essay

Mintzbergs Planning and Positioning Schools - Essay Example Aspects addressed include Steiner model of strategic planning, planning hierarchies, and Mintzberg’s 7 deadly sins of strategic planning. Steiner is recognized for coming up with a model that outlines the structure and process of strategic planning in a systematic way (Steiner, 1979). He pointed out that the process of strategic planning should be a collective responsibility of all managers in all managerial levels within an organization. Steiner’s model outlines the assessment of expectations of key outside interest, assessment of expectations of key inside interest, examining past performance, and current performance and future forecast. The model also outlines the evaluation of environmental opportunities and threats, organizational strengths and weaknesses, assembling of master strategy as composed of mission, purposes, objectives, policies, and program strategies. Steiner’s model provides organizations with strategies on competitive advantage over their rivals, which is not elaborate in other models. The other strength is its emphasis on a plan, which calls for commitment from top management (Steiner, 1979). Planning can be effected through corporate, business and departmental hierarchical levels. Planning at the corporate level entails selection of businesses in which the organization should compete. It also deals with the development and coordination of a corporate level portfolio. Planning at the corporate level focuses on defining corporate responsibilities, determining the center for competition, management of business units, and identifying the overall goal of an organization (Simerson, 2011). Planning at the business unit level concentrates on the functioning of operating units, as well as developing a competitive advantage for goods and services rendered by an organization. This entails placing the organization against its rivals, speculating on future changes, and influencing the

Factors Increasing Extinction Rates in Giant Panda Populations

Factors Increasing Extinction Rates in Giant Panda Populations Ailuropoda melanoleuca otherwise known as the Giant Panda is categorised as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2007a). This means that this is an animal which is at a very high risk of facing extinction, i.e. the species will die off. This has been a main concern for conservation since the 1950s, as at present there are approximately one thousand and six hundred giant pandas living on earth today (Yiming et. al, 2002). There are many reasons which have caused a such decline in populations of Giant panda such as their reliance on mainly bamboo, low reproduction rates, hunting and most importantly habitat destruction. All of these factors have played a key part in pushing our much loved animals to smaller and smaller numbers. WWF, (2011a) states that 30,000 sq km of forest in China is solely protected for pandas. This means that 80% of wild panda are highly protected by the Chinese government (WWF, 2011a), but why are numbers still decreasing? This essay will discuss what these factors are and how they are affecting the populations and communities of A. melanoleuca. Currently there are programmes being carried out to help conserve this species and increase numbers but are these really working? Why are there still so many few Giant pandas living on earth today? And can our conservation efforts help prevent this species from going in to extinction? To answer these questions we must look at each factor and how these are being dealt with. The Giant Panda inhabits South Central China and ranges from six isolated mountains in the Gansu, Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces (IUCN, 2007b). Currently, this species is on the Appendix 1 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) List (CITES, 2011a). This means that giant pandas cannot be traded internationally except in circumstances in which the reason for trading is for scientific research (CITES, 2011b). This is because this species is critically endangered and is at a high risk of extinction. The prohibition of trade will prevent giant pandas being removed from their natural habitats and reduce extinction rates in this species. Despite being biologically carnivorous, A. melanoleuca has an herbivorous diet consisting primarily of bamboo (Dierenfield et. al, 1982). In fact it is estimated that 99% of the Giant Pandas diet comprises of this food source (Schaller et. al, 1985, cited in Carter et. al, 1999). Therefore, habitat locations are very dependent on the distribution and availability of bamboo (Xuezhi et. al, 2008). There is a wide variety of bamboo which is consumed by the giant panda which consists of sixty different types with thirty-five of those containing their primary food sources (Hu, Wei, 2004, cited in IUCN, 2007b). By limiting their diet to mainly bamboo, the giant panda is at risk of eventual starvation. This is because in every fifteen to one hundred and twenty years, there is a bamboo die-off cycle which naturally occurs (Calhoun, 2005). Once this die-off occurs in the bamboo (depending on which species), the time it takes to grow to a level which can feed a full population of giant panda can be up to twenty years, thus many pandas are starved and may die due to this (Calhoun, 2005). Examples of this would be two of the main species of bamboo which are eaten by the giant panda; Arrow and Umbrella. It takes on average between forty and fifty years for Arrow bamboo to flower and for Umbrella bamboo this process takes approximately one hundred years (Franzen, 2003). Once these species and others eventually die off, giant pandas will need to search for a replacement and if unsuccessful, will starve to death and may face extinction. In the event of certain types of bamboo species dying off, conservation plans must be in place. In recent years, conservationists have been putting in place corridors between panda populations and areas which have bamboo which is not being fed on which can be suitable for feeding (Carter et. al, 1999). This type of programme is also being done to create corridors between different populations of panda also (Carter et. al, 1999). It was also suggested by Carter et. al, 1999, that these corridors should be a long term solution as the carrying capacity (the maximum population size a species can reach) of the giant panda can take up to two hundred years! Another factor which has had a negative impact on the population sizes of pandas is their vulnerability to poaching. This is when they are hunted (by humans) in the wild for their skins and skulls (Yiming et. al, 2002). To assess what effect poaching is having on the giant panda; population viability analysis (PVA) is required. PVA takes into account a range of ecological and environmental factors to evaluate the risks and threats to particular species. This allows planning for conservation and allows us to identify levels of threats to a given species (Yiming, et. al, 2002). By using PVA, Yiming et. al, 2002, found that even without the effects of poaching to giant pandas, population numbers were still very low. This is quite worrying as this means that although poaching is highly threatening, other factors are still pushing the species towards extinction. Results from Yiming et. al, 2002, experiments found that with the increase of poaching of the giant panda, a large decrease in p opulation size and a higher extinction rate was the result. Their experiments also compared poaching between the two sexes. They found that poaching in females was found to have a more negative impact on the extinction rate as they would appear to have a higher extinction rate than males, despite the intensity of poaching being the exact same. This comparison was mirrored in the analysis comparing adult and young pandas (i.e. Adults had a higher extinction rate). Therefore, Yiming et. al, 2002, highlighted that although the giant panda is naturally facing extinction due to many factors, poaching can significantly increase the extinction rate in populations. However, in recent years, the market for panda skins and incidents of poaching has began to decrease and is now no longer a key threat to the population of the giant panda (IUCN, 2007b). Reducing illegal capture and killing of the giant panda has been very successful due to training conservationists to patrol areas in which pandas are at risk (WWF, 2011b). The WWF began this training in 1996 and had more than three hundred people trained within four years. Above this, cameras have been installed on sites in which the giant panda inhabits. This allows trained staff to see how the pandas live naturally and can plan ahead on useful conservation programmes to prevent extinction occurring (WWF, 2011b). A. melanoleuca have a k-strategy approach when it comes to reproduction (Linderman et. al, 2004). This is because females do not begin to mate until they are approximately four or five years old and will only give birth to a small number of cubs (this can be as little as one or two young) (WWF China, 2011). If food is scarce (i.e. due to bamboo die-off) then the chance of the survival of cubs is very slim. Another factor which affects the reproductivity in the giant panda population is pandas in captivity. It has been found that giant pandas in captivity are not breeding well and it has been suggested that they find it difficult to mate in the presence of humans. This is because they are not in their natural environment (WWF China, 2011). The major threat to giant panda communities which is increasing extinction rates is habitat loss. Habitat loss is due to human impacts in which the giant pandas habitats have been destroyed by logging, agriculture and the development of hydropower amongst many other things (WWF, 2011c). Research published in 2008 by Xeuzhi et. al stated that agriculture was the most threatening human impact on reducing habitat sizes in panda populations. This is because farmland is usually located near human settlements which affect pandas directly. Also, as pandas are required to consume clean drinking water every day to survive, they tend to avoid large rivers. This is because large rivers are usually nearby to human settlements, in which the water will be highly polluted (Xuezhi et. al, 2008). Therefore, human impacts are limiting where panda communities can live. Fragmentation of the giant pandas habitat is also a factor contributing towards increasing the extinction rate. This has been due to ag ain, human impact as the Chinese economy has being growing exponentially (WWF China, 2009). As habitat destruction and fragmentation are the major issues impacting the giant panda population it is highly important that we try to reverse these effects as human activity is responsible for this. An example of an area which has been badly affected is Jiuzhai ring road in the Minshan Reserve Region (Xuezhi et. al, 2008). This has a high number of traffic daily and has caused the nearby community of pandas to become remote (Xuezhi et. al, 2008). It was suggested by Xuezhi et. al, 2008 that in order to prevent further damage to panda communities, the amount of human activity had to be reduced. This same idea was suggested for the Jiuzhai ring road by reducing traffic daily. In conclusion, it is clear to see that the future of giant panda populations and communities is critical and will remain so unless great changes are made. This is mainly down to human impacts which have negatively affected population numbers by destroying habitats, removing this species from its natural environment (captive breeding) and poaching. However, the giant pandas specialised diet is also pushing this species towards extinction as they are at risk of starvation. Despite this, programmes are in place to help restore habitats by creating corridors to new sources of bamboo and monitoring to prevent poaching. However, at the moment it is very difficult to determine whether or not the extinction of A. melanoleuca will be sooner rather than later. In short, the future of the giant panda is uncertain.

Psychoanalytic Model Paper Essay

When we talk about Psychoanalytic theory the first name that comes to mind is Sigmund Freud. Even though they are other psychologists that contributed to psychoanalytic theory and its development, Sigmund Freud is known for being the founder of this theory. He is famous for his work on sexual bias of neurosis, his study of hysteria, childhood seduction controversy, and dream analysis, among other theories like id, ego, and superego. Psychoanalytic Theory is the theory of the unconscious mind, and the personality development. Another concept, that helped shape psychoanalysis, is the early ideas of psychopathology. Like any other theory, there is always criticism, and other psychologists that do not share the same view. In Freud’s case, he was criticized for his way of collecting and recording data from his sessions with patients. Also for his theory of women having penis envy, and that he focused on the past behaviors instead of paying attention to the patient’s goals, future hopes, and motivations. Psychoanalytic Theory focuses on the study of the unconscious and abnormal behavior. Three of the major influences of psychoanalysis were philosophical speculations about the unconscious, early ideas about psychopathology, and other evolutionary theory. The theory of the unconscious mind is that it is a big influence in our life whether we are sleeping or awake. Freud’s speculated that our actions were a manifestation of the unconscious consequence of childhood  experience or emotion. It was Fechner that used the analogy that the unconscious mind is like an iceberg. This analogy helped inspire some of Freud’s work so much that he even quoted Fechner is some of his writings. There were other psychologists before Freud that suggested the theory of the unconscious mind; however Freud claimed that he found a way to study it scientifically. According to Freud, the unconscious mind slips and exposes our true thoughts, desires, emotions and behavior in dreams. This is known as the Freudian slip. Psychopathology also had a great influence on the development of Psychoanalysis. The study of mental illness dates back to 2000BC. The Babylonians believed that mental illness was the cause of demon possession and that the only treatment was thru magic and prayer. The Hebrews also believed that the cure for mental illness was thru magic and prayer. They also believed that the cause of mental illness was the cause of sins. The great Greek philosophers believed that mental illness was the cause of the disorder of thought process. The treatment was the power of the healing word. In other words, they believed that therapy was the answer to mental illness. When Christianity became popular they convinced the people that mental illness was the result of the evil spirits sending us back to 2000BC mentality. The only difference is that the Christian Church believed that the only way to get rid of evil spirits and possessions was thru torture and execution. It wasn’t until the eighteen century that mental illness was considered as a behavioral problem. People displaying irrational behavior were sent to an asylum also known as the cemetery for the still breathing. This inspired other psychiatrists to find forms of treatment for the mentally ill. The Emmanuel Movement focused on talk therapy sessions. Elwood Worcester believed that psychological issues can be in some cases the cause of mental illness. The movement became so popular that when Freud came to the United Sates with the concept of psychoanalysis they welcomed him with opened arms. Sigmund Freud is believed to be the father of psychoanalytic theories. His research was based on his theories about the conscious and unconscious mind. He believed that our actions, emotions, and true thoughts are stored deep in our unconscious. He actually got inspired by Fechner’s analogy that the mind is like an iceberg. The part that is above water represents the conscious mind, and the part that is deep in the water is the unconscious mind. Freud strongly believed that our deepest desires were stored in the mind, and no divine power could change that  not even religion. He liked using the free association technique by letting his patients talk about whatever came to mind. Freud believed that by letting the patients express their thoughts they would uncover repressed memories that were the cause of their behavior. He noticed that his patients talked about childhood suppressed memories that involved sexual issues. At first he thought that his patient’s neurosis was caused by childhood trauma of sexual abuses. Later he suspected that they were fantasies that his patients were reporting and not the actual abuse. One of his theories is that all sons have a sexual attraction towards the mother and all girls towards the father. Freud published a paper talking about his theory of childhood seduction. This paper created so much controversy that some people were angry, and other had mixed emotions. Freud believed that sexual frustration was the cause of neurosis. He was actually obsessed with the subject because of sex because of the lack of sex in his life. By analyzing his dreams he realized that the unconscious mind can manifest thru dreams. Years later he published a book â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† (1900). Even though Sigmund Freud’s is considered the father of psychoanalysis it was Charles Darwin’s work that inspired Freud. Most of his views came from Darwin’s ideas on psychoanalysis like the meaning of dreams, the unconscious mind, sexual arousal, and even childhood development. Frank J. Sulloway was a recognized historian of science, and he found that Freud’s way of thinking  was inspired by Darwin. â€Å"What Sulloway did was to check the books in Freud’s personal library, where he found copies of Darwin’s works. Freud had read them all and had written notes in the margins.†(Schultz, D 1969 pg293). Even though Freud contributed to the field of psychoanalysis there was criticism of his work. Some scholars believe that his work was reliable due to poor record keeping. â€Å"He did not make a verbatim transcript of each patient’s words but worked from notes made several hours after seeing the patient† (Schultz, D 1969 pg315). This means that his notes of the sessions with his  patients were compromised by his opinions and ideas. I can see way people would be concerned with his methods of data collection. There is a chance that he misunderstood what his patients were telling him. For example, when my husband and I have an argument there’s time when I misinterpreted what he said. My recollection of the argument is different from his recollection of the argument. In his case, it is important to have the most accurate information. Other scholars believed that he influenced the patient’s answers and only heard what he wanted to hear. â€Å"Examination of the actual cases referred to by Freud reveals not a single instance in which this was the case. There is no evidence that any patient ever told Freud she had been seduced by her father. This is nothing more than an inference on Freud’s part. (Kihlstorm, 1994, p.683)† (Schultz, D 1969, pg316). Concerns about the credibility of his work arose because of inconsistencies with his research, his notes, and the work he published. His work was limited to just a number of people and considered incomplete. There were other psychologists that also contributed to the development of Psychoanalysis. Carl Jung worked closely with Freud but after 1914, he developed the idea of analytical psychology. This was his own version of what psychoanalysis should be and opposed some of Freud’s work. Jung believed that what shape our personality are our goals, hopes and aspirations and not just childhood experiences like Freud suggested.  Personality can change with time. During our lifetime, we can experience several personalities depending on the experiences and the level of maturity. This means that you are not the same person you were in high school. As time passes you learn from your experiences and adapt to your environment as it changes. One of Jung’s theories is that the unconscious mind is formed by two levels. One is the personal level where all the memories, wishes, faint perceptions and suppressed memories are. The second form of unconscious is the collective unconscious this is where all the universal and  evolutionary experiences are. For example, the need and instinct to survive that gets passed on for generations. He also referred to this as archetypes of the collective unconscious. â€Å"We typically experience archetype in the form of emotions associated with significant life events such as birth, adolescence, marriage, and death or with reactions to stream danger.† (Schultz, D 1969, pg.327). He also suggested the theories of introversion and extraversion along with the types of functions and attitudes. Another psychologist, that also made a great contribution to psychoanalysis, was Alfred Adler. Like Jung, Adler did not share Freud’s views on the Oedipus complex. Adler was more interested in the conscious mind than the unconscious mind. He also believed that our plans for the future are the ones that influenced behavior and not the past experiences. Some of his theories are the creative power of the Self and that the order in which we are born matters. Karen Horney also contributed to the development of psychoanalysis. She had many disagreements with Freud’s theories except for the unconscious motivations. She did not share Freud’s view that women had penis envy; instead she suggested that man had womb envy. These psychologists helped developed psychoanalysis. They all brought interesting and exciting new ideas to the table. These theories helped shaped and develop psychoanalysis. Even though Sigmund  Freud is considered the father of psychoanalysis the one that pave the way for others to follow, in fact, it was Charles Darwin how inspired Freud theories. It was Darwin who paved the way for psychoanalysis, but Sigmund brought attention to it by claiming he found a scientific way to study the unconscious mind. Freud had many theories some were accepted by scholars, other theories were not. For example, Childhood seduction caused controversy, and some psychologists did not share his view of the Oedipus complex. Even his method of collecting data was criticized causing doubts about the credibility of his work. The one thing they did agree on  was of the existence of the unconscious mind and how it influenced a person’s thoughts, emotions, dreams, personality, and behaviors. Psychoanalysis began with just a philosophical speculation about the unconscious mind. Shaped by the early ideas about psych opathology and developed by evolutionary theories. References Schultz, D. (1969). A history of modern psychology (10e ed.). New York: Academic Cohen, T. (2003). Sigmund freud: The founder of psychoanalysis. School Library Journal, 49(9), 231. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/211726954?accountid=458

Role of Nurse in Community Mental Health - 2115 Words

ROLE OF NURSE IN COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH INTRODUCTION The trend in psychiatric care is shifting from that of inpatient hospitalization to a focus of outpatient care within the community. Community mental health services include all those activities in the community connected with mental health other than the institutional or hospitalized setting. The community approach focuses on the total population of defined geographical area rather than individual patient. Emphasis is mainly on preventive services which include provision of a continuous, comprehensive system of services designed to meet all mental health related needs in the community. Mental health care is provided. through education, consultation, brief psychotherapy, crisis†¦show more content†¦The factors which a community mental health nurse should give emphasize are: a.) Biological and Physical factors b) Psychosocial factors c) Sociocultural factors a) Biological and Physical factors The community mental health nurse has a significant role especially in prenatal and postnatal care. It will help in reduction of mental retardation and organic mental disorders. Parents need to be prepared for the acceptance of a new child in the family and should provide minimum facilities for the growth of a child like food, shelter and clothing. b) Psychosocial factors * Physical competencies coordination of muscles, protecting oneself from injuries. * Emotional competencies coping alone at home in the absence of mother for 45 hours will enable the child to develop confidence. * Social competencies opportunities need to be provided for group interaction, socialization with guest and friends so that the child learns to accept his strengths and weakness. c) Sociocultural factors For reducing social isolation, a social support system should be developed. Kaplans hypothesis is that every individual in his life from womb to tomb needs physical support, psychosocial support and sociocultural support. If he is deprived in any one of these areas there is a chance of developing mental disorders. ROLE OF THE NURSE IN THIS ASPECTS ARE : 1) To educate the individual and the family about theShow MoreRelatedPreventing Mental Illness And Substance Abuse Found Among Canada s First Nations Communities1326 Words   |  6 PagesIn interpreting the significance of the disproportionately high rates of mental illness and substance abuse found amongst Canada’s First Nations communities, it is critical to recognize that these groups have been long marginalized, and typically live in remote areas bereft of sophisticated and large-scale health service facilities (Gone Trimble, 2012). 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On Some School Nights, I Have A Rough Time Trying To Fall

On some school nights, I have a rough time trying to fall asleep even though I manage to go to bed early. I twist and turn and eventually pass out at one in the morning. Few hours later, I wake up and experience headaches and stress at home, then a difficult time paying attention and processing information in class. All of these factors were resulted by the lack of sleep, or sleep deprivation. Many more harmful problems can result from sleep deprivation, such as sleep disorders, difficulty driving, and physical and mental effects on students. In which case, students wouldn’t want sleep deprivation affecting their academic grades and education in school. Therefore, students in high school should be allowed to sleep for a longer period of†¦show more content†¦As a final point, students who are experiencing sleep problems daily have a high chance of developing sleep disorders, so they should not be taken lightly. The students who were in middle school couldn’t dri ve, but they can now in high school. Drinking while driving and drowsy driving are common throughout juniors, but especially seniors. Sixth grade students usually get about 8.4 hours of sleep, but high school seniors get only about 6.9 hours (Sohn, Los Angeles Times, 2010). Teenagers need their beauty sleep, or problems arise from sleep deprivation. Only 15% of teens are getting the recommended amount of sleep in the school year, according to the National Sleep Foundation (Sylvester, Current Health Teens, 2011). On their way to school, they are prone to passing out on the road at a turn or tempted to rush and past a yellow light. Drowsy driving is considered to be one of the worst effects for many young adults. Adding on, about 50% of seniors reported of drowsy driving once a week, but 68% of them have driven only once while drowsy. 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